DNS and finding resources
Check all DNS tools to find resources
🐧 Your team is going to be doign some DNS work and you have to figure out how o use the tools in your Linux system
🐧 Use host, dig, nslookup and figure out what type of information they show you
🐧 Check the contents of /etc/resolv.conf
🐧 Do a traceroute to 8.8.8.8 and 1.1.1.1
1. Use the host command to www.google.com
Example Output
ubuntu $ host www.google.com
www.google.com has address 172.253.115.106
www.google.com has address 172.253.115.99
www.google.com has address 172.253.115.104
www.google.com has address 172.253.115.147
www.google.com has address 172.253.115.103
www.google.com has address 172.253.115.105
www.google.com has IPv6 address 2607:f8b0:4004:c06::68
www.google.com has IPv6 address 2607:f8b0:4004:c06::63
www.google.com has IPv6 address 2607:f8b0:4004:c06::69
www.google.com has IPv6 address 2607:f8b0:4004:c06::93
💬 What information are you seeing? How many IP addresses are there? How many are IPv4 and IPv6?
// What do you think?
2. Use the dig command against www.google.com
Example Output
ubuntu $ dig www.google.com
; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> www.google.com
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 44512
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 6, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 512
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;www.google.com. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
www.google.com. 60 IN A 172.253.115.106
www.google.com. 60 IN A 172.253.115.99
www.google.com. 60 IN A 172.253.115.104
www.google.com. 60 IN A 172.253.115.105
www.google.com. 60 IN A 172.253.115.147
www.google.com. 60 IN A 172.253.115.103
;; Query time: 4 msec
;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8)
;; WHEN: Mon Apr 24 11:27:20 UTC 2023
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 139
💬 How many A records do you see?
💬 What server was used for the DNS query?
// What do you think?
💬 This prompts you to wonder where you system gets it's configuration for DNS.
3. Check the /etc/resolve.conf to see where system is looking at DNS
Example Output
ubuntu $ cat /etc/resolv.conf
# This file is managed by man:systemd-resolved(8). Do not edit.
#
# This is a dynamic resolv.conf file for connecting local clients directly to
# all known uplink DNS servers. This file lists all configured search domains.
#
# Third party programs must not access this file directly, but only through the
# symlink at /etc/resolv.conf. To manage man:resolv.conf(5) in a different way,
# replace this symlink by a static file or a different symlink.
#
# See man:systemd-resolved.service(8) for details about the supported modes of
# operation for /etc/resolv.conf.
nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 1.1.1.1
4. What nameservers does you system try to use? Enter those into /root/nameservers
💬 Traceroute must be installed on this system
5. Use traceroute to see if you can map the hops from you to www.google.com
Example Output
ubuntu $ traceroute www.google.com
traceroute to www.google.com (172.253.115.105), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
1 172.30.1.1 (172.30.1.1) 0.329 ms 0.193 ms 0.135 ms
2 ns1005533.ip-135-148-34.us (135.148.34.20) 0.172 ms 0.360 ms 0.294 ms
3 135.148.34.252 (135.148.34.252) 0.815 ms 0.745 ms 0.997 ms
4 10.23.178.2 (10.23.178.2) 0.938 ms 0.897 ms 0.819 ms
5 10.244.5.60 (10.244.5.60) 0.903 ms 10.244.5.70 (10.244.5.70) 0.979 ms 10.244.5.58 (10.244.5.58) 0.996 ms
6 10.244.64.48 (10.244.64.48) 0.320 ms 10.244.64.52 (10.244.64.52) 0.315 ms 10.244.64.50 (10.244.64.50) 0.276 ms
7 10.244.120.4 (10.244.120.4) 0.911 ms 10.244.120.2 (10.244.120.2) 0.957 ms 10.244.120.4 (10.244.120.4) 0.935 ms
8 was-nva1-sbb1-nc5.va.us (178.32.135.154) 2.186 ms 1.715 ms was-cva1-sbb1-nc5.va.us (178.32.135.210) 1.487 ms
9 * * *
10 google.as15169.va.us (192.99.146.115) 3.353 ms 3.336 ms *
11 * * *
12 108.170.246.33 (108.170.246.33) 2.838 ms 142.251.77.64 (142.251.77.64) 1.597 ms 108.170.246.33 (108.170.246.33) 2.820 ms
13 108.170.246.49 (108.170.246.49) 2.058 ms 108.170.246.2 (108.170.246.2) 4.852 ms 108.170.246.66 (108.170.246.66) 2.211 ms
14 * 216.239.63.235 (216.239.63.235) 2.949 ms 142.251.49.73 (142.251.49.73) 2.710 ms
15 142.251.247.191 (142.251.247.191) 2.680 ms 142.251.49.199 (142.251.49.199) 3.166 ms 142.250.210.27 (142.250.210.27) 3.604 ms
16 * * 142.251.77.138 (142.251.77.138) 3.275 ms
17 172.253.72.202 (172.253.72.202) 3.826 ms 172.253.67.50 (172.253.67.50) 3.157 ms 142.251.52.184 (142.251.52.184) 3.339 ms
18 172.253.66.201 (172.253.66.201) 2.424 ms 172.253.66.157 (172.253.66.157) 3.393 ms 172.253.66.201 (172.253.66.201) 2.574 ms
19 * * *
20 * * *
21 * * *
22 * * *
23 * * *
24 * * *
25 * * *
26 * * *
27 * * *
28 bg-in-f105.1e100.net (172.253.115.105) 2.780 ms 2.516 ms 2.632 ms
💬 What output do you see?
💬 Are all the addresses shown?
💬 What is the highest latency you see between hops?
// What do you think?
Change the order in which your system looks up resources
🐧 Now you've looked around with the tools that you have. Let's figure out the order you system looks up resources in
🐧 Inspect the /etc/nsswitch.conf file to see how your system looks
up hosts
🐧 Verify that your system look at files before DNS by adding a
record for www.google.com that points to www.yahoo.com
🐧 Change the order of host lookup in /etc/nsswitch.conf to see the
system properly resolve www.google.com
6. Print out /etc/nsswitch.conf
Example Output
ubuntu $ cat /etc/nsswitch.conf
# /etc/nsswitch.conf
#
# Example configuration of GNU Name Service Switch functionality.
# If you have the `glibc-doc-reference' and `info' packages installed, try:
# `info libc "Name Service Switch"' for information about this file.
passwd: files systemd
group: files systemd
shadow: files
gshadow: files
hosts: files dns
networks: files
protocols: db files
services: db files
ethers: db files
rpc: db files
netgroup: nis
💬 What are the values in the hosts: entry?
7. Test your connection to www.google.com with curl
Example Output
ubuntu $ curl www.google.com | grep -Ei 'yahoo|google'
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 0<!doctype html><html itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="en"><head><meta content="Search the world's information, including webpages, images, videos and more. Google has many special features to help you find exactly what you're looking for." name="description"><meta content="noodp" name="robots"><meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"><meta content="/images/branding/googleg/1x/googleg_standard_color_128dp.png" itemprop="image"><title>Google</title><script nonce="IjzW5Y8RmVESmT0mXulCJw">(function(){window.google={kEI:'7mtGZPP4Ds-p5NoPmsKCgA0',kEXPI:'0,1359409,6059,206,4804,2316,383,246,5,1129120,1197711,180,380600,16114,19397,9287,22430,1362,12314,4751,12834,4998,13228,3847,35735,5581,2891,3926,213,8221,76014,432,3,346,1244,1,16918,2650,4,1528,2304,29062,13063,13660,2980,1457,16786,5806,2551,4094,7596,1,14262,24780,1,3111,2,14022,2373,342,21266,1758,5679,1021,31121,4568,6259,23418,1252,5835,14968,4332,7484,445,2,2,1,26632,8155,7381,2,3,15965,872,6578,3048,10008,7,1922,9779,36154,6305,20198,20137,14,82,2932,13582,3692,109,363,2049,850,3909,1097,1747,2038,15203,4387,988,3030,5629,481,9706,1804,823,3976,2935,495,1150,1093,493,1360,1032,9480,2995,6849,416,2171,3609,3049,2129,2365,648,14,340,1295,1093,19,495,4197,2,1838,304,891,3576,1442,1129,777,5326,1666,507,1463,1973,1365,804,884,264,3,2824,344,173,119,344,196,911,1,1224,2012,688,329,379,2,297,1644,123,49,1015,1,728,766,225,717,55,198,402,214,5,181,403,577,2855,737,36,126,573,5,864,38,104,214,280,102,577,572,406,151,120,256,253,179,571,206,2,10,3,655,74,1142,604,5206696,189,2,70,5995623,2803220,3311,141,795,19735,1,1,346,5008,30,43,10,2,32,9,1,5,1,12,6,1,123,21,2,2,1,58,23945117,4042143,1964,1007,15665,2894,6250,15739,1326,400,714,328,121,1412168,146986,21413709,2198897,361,83,95,132,554,505,384,568,86,1,1026,29,2,325,19,1697,299,413,1657,1615,1142,123,62',kBL:'WWhe',kOPI:89978449};google.sn='webhp';google.kHL='en';})();(function(){
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100 17194 0 17194 0 0 305k 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 305k
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💬 Wow that's some ugly output related to google
8. Let's get the host value for www.yahoo.com
Example Output
ubuntu $ host www.yahoo.com
www.yahoo.com is an alias for new-fp-shed.wg1.b.yahoo.com.
new-fp-shed.wg1.b.yahoo.com has address 74.6.143.25
new-fp-shed.wg1.b.yahoo.com has address 74.6.143.26
new-fp-shed.wg1.b.yahoo.com has address 74.6.231.20
new-fp-shed.wg1.b.yahoo.com has address 74.6.231.21
new-fp-shed.wg1.b.yahoo.com has IPv6 address 2001:4998:124:1507::f001
new-fp-shed.wg1.b.yahoo.com has IPv6 address 2001:4998:44:3507::8000
new-fp-shed.wg1.b.yahoo.com has IPv6 address 2001:4998:124:1507::f000
new-fp-shed.wg1.b.yahoo.com has IPv6 address 2001:4998:44:3507::8001
9. Now, just to test that our system will use hosts first, before DNS, we're going to add a www.yahoo.com entry in our /etc/hosts file
10. Let's test a curl to www.google.com and see if we're still resolving to www.google.com
Example Output
ubuntu $ curl www.google.com | grep -Ei 'yahoo|google'
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
<title>Yahoo</title>
!function(){if(window==window.top){var o=window.location.host;o.endsWith(".yahoo.com")&&window.location.replace("https://www.yahoo.com/"),o.endsWith(".aol.com")&&window.location.replace("https://www.aol.com/"),o.endsWith(".huffpost.com")&&window.location.replace("https://www.huffpost.com/"),o.endsWith(".engadget.com")&&window.location.replace("https://www.engadget.com/")}}();
<!-- host machine: media-router-fp7028.prod.media.ne1.yahoo.com -->
<!-- url: http://www.google.com/-->
logo: 'https://s.yimg.com/rz/p/yahoo_frontpage_en-US_s_f_p_205x58_frontpage.png',
logoAlt: 'Yahoo Logo',
document.write('<img src="' + buildUrl('//geo.yahoo.com/b', params) + '" style="display:none;" width="0px" height="0px"/>');
beacon.src = buildUrl('//bcn.fp.yahoo.com/p', params);
100 4863 100 4863 0 0 74815 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 74815
ats_host: 'media-router-fp7028.prod.media.ne1.yahoo.com',
11. Now we change the order so that our /etc/nsswitch entry for hosts shows DNS before host values
12. Now test www.google.com again and see if you're seeing the correct output
Example Output
ubuntu $ curl www.google.com | grep -Ei 'yahoo|google'
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
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